Subtropical Atlantic gardening: the Canary Islands and Madeira

A paradise climate: the Atlantic islands

The Canary Islands and Madeira sit like jewels in the Atlantic Ocean, blessed with one of the most enviable climates on earth. Average temperatures of 20 to 25 degrees year-round, no meaningful frost and a humidity that many plants adore. It is as though nature created a permanent spring.

But appearances deceive. The islands are small and mountainous, which means the climate can change drastically within a few kilometres. The north side of Tenerife, Gran Canaria or Madeira is moist and green thanks to the trade winds pushing clouds against the mountains. The south side is dry and sunny, almost desert-like in places.

Microclimates: know your island

On Tenerife at sea level you see palm trees and banana plants, at 1,000 metres laurel forests shrouded in mist, and at 2,000 metres a moonscape where Pinus canariensis stands as the sole tree. Each altitude demands a different approach.

Madeira is similar: the coast is warm and dry, the interior cool and humid. The famous levadas — irrigation channels that have transported water for centuries — illustrate how crucial water redistribution is in this landscape.

Plants that shine here

Subtropical stars

Strelitzia (bird of paradise) is the icon of Canarian gardens. Hibiscus flowers year-round in every conceivable colour. Plumeria (frangipani) spreads an intoxicating scent. Jacaranda explodes in May in clouds of purple-blue.

Palms and dracaenas

Dracaena draco (Canary dragon tree) is an ancient symbol of the islands. Phoenix canariensis (Canary date palm) provides majestic shade. Cycas revoluta and Washingtonia add tropical grandeur.

Succulents and endemics

The Canary Islands are a hotspot of endemic species. Aeonium, Echeveria and Euphorbia canariensis grow wild here. They are perfect for dry garden areas and need zero maintenance.

Edibles

Banana plants, avocados, mangoes, papayas and passion fruit grow like weeds here — at least on the sheltered south side. Citrus thrives everywhere below 500 metres.

Water: the eternal challenge

Despite the lush appearance, fresh water is scarce on the islands. Collecting rainwater is essential. Drip irrigation is the standard. Mulch with volcanic gravel (picón) keeps the soil cool and limits evaporation — it is also local and very affordable.

In the wetter northern zones drainage matters more than irrigation. The combination of moist air and wet soil can cause root rot for plants that prefer dry feet.

Volcanic soil: blessing and challenge

The ground on volcanic islands is young and mineral-rich but often low in organic matter. Fresh lava soils drain extremely fast and hold few nutrients. Older soils — especially in the valleys — are more fertile.

Add compost, worm castings or coir to improve moisture retention. The mineral composition of volcanic soil (rich in potassium and phosphorus) naturally favours flowering plants.

Seasonal rhythm

October–March: The 'cool' season with occasional rain. This is the best planting window. Bulbs and seedlings go into the ground now.

April–June: Spring brings a bloom explosion. Jacaranda, Bougainvillea and Strelitzia steal the show.

July–September: The warmest, driest months. Water-wise gardening is the motto. Enjoy tropical fruit.

Wind-resistant gardening

The trade winds are a constant factor, especially at higher elevations and on the north side of the islands. Plant wind-sensitive species in shelter. Use sturdy shrubs like Pittosporum, Metrosideros or Myoporum as windbreaks. A well-placed wall or fence makes a world of difference.

Design your subtropical dream

A garden on the Canary Islands or Madeira is an opportunity few people in the world enjoy. Upload your photo on gardenworld.app and discover how a subtropical design transforms your space. From palms and strelitzias to an edible oasis — it starts with a picture.